A Byzantine billon denomination, of the reform of Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118), concave, 1/48 Hyperpyron, with ca. 6-7%
silver, but it will soon degrade to 2.5-3%, 1/128 of Hyperpyron. Further debasement to 2-3% silver, value drops to 1/184 Hyperpyron.
Production will stop under Alexios III (1195-1203). It was also produced during the divided empire in Nicaea, Epirus, Thessalonica.
Such concave copper trachea were also called Stamena according to the Florentine 14th century merchant Francesco Balducci
Pegolotti. Compare DOC V-1 (1999) pp. 28, 32.
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